帕尔马/卡莱斯·恩里奇工作室的11栋社交屋

帕尔马/卡莱斯·恩里奇工作室的11栋社交屋
11 Social Houses in Palma / Carles Enrich Studio

被动式设计与气候适应：该项目最令人印象深刻的亮点在于其对气候变化的积极响应。设计师巧妙地运用被动式设计策略，例如通过立面的开口和楼梯间的天窗实现交叉通风，最大程度地减少了对人工照明和空调的需求。西立面的退缩设计和白色石灰抹灰的运用，也有效降低了建筑的吸热。此外，一楼的排水花园和本土植被的使用，进一步降低了环境温度，体现了对可持续发展的深刻理解和对当地环境的尊重。这些策略的综合运用，使建筑在炎热的气候条件下也能保持舒适宜居。

空间组织与居住体验：项目的另一个关键在于其对居住空间的高度优化和灵活利用。设计师采用了非分层的空间概念，消除了流通区域，从而最大限度地提高了可用空间，同时又兼顾了采光和通风。三种基本户型（一居室、两居室和三居室）的设计，提供了多样化的选择，以适应不同的居住需求。此外，建筑外立面与内立面的差异化设计，创造了丰富的室外空间，如露台和庭院，为居民提供了与自然亲近的场所。每个住宅都有直接的街道入口，减少了电梯的使用，也增强了社区的凝聚力，提升了居住体验。

材料选择与建造经济性：在材料选择和建造方面，该项目同样展现了卓越的专业素养。设计师优先考虑了材料的本地化、耐用性、经济性和低环境影响，例如使用Mallorcan陶瓷块和预制木梁。结构体系的标准化和部分构件的预制，有效提高了施工效率，并降低了成本。通过对材料的精细选择和巧妙运用，以及对建造技术的优化，项目不仅实现了建筑的经济性，也体现了对可持续发展的承诺。这些精心设计的细节，使得建筑既坚固耐用，又环保美观，完美地融合了功能性与艺术性。

建筑师提供的文字描述该项目位于El Coll d'en Rabassa附近的Rut街和Darwin街交叉口的一块狭窄的小地块上，以前是一个马雷斯采石场，就在帕尔马市的边界。为了完成不规则的城市结构并应对气候紧急情况，该提案建议建造11所房屋，这些房屋与该场地融为一体，以适应现有的条件。
Text description provided by the architects. The project is located on a narrow and small plot, previously occupied by a marés stone quarry, at the intersection of Rut Street and Darwin Street, in the neighborhood of El Coll d'en Rabassa, right at the boundary of Palma municipality. Aiming to complete the irregular urban fabric and respond to the climate emergency, the proposal suggests the construction of eleven homes that integrate into the site, adapting to the pre-existing conditions.

将建筑与共用墙分开并保护现有地质遗迹的决定定义了该项目形状因素的双重策略：一方面，外立面呈现出朝向东南的紧凑和规则的体积，而内立面则向后倾斜，避免了最大限度的占用。这种体积配置通过产生阴影和可变表面庭院来增强建筑的被动性能，这些庭院提供了与房屋相关的多个室外空间。
The decision to separate the building from the party wall and preserve the existing geological remnants defines a dual strategy in the project's form factor: on one hand, the exterior facades present a compact and regular volume oriented towards the southeast, while the interior facade is set back, avoiding the maximum allowed occupancy. This volumetric configuration enhances the building's passive performance by generating shadows and variable surface courtyards that offer multiple outdoor spaces associated with the homes.

Plan - Location

一楼的住宅设有带透水铺装的露台，而一楼的房屋则有露台。住宅单元的设计采用非分层空间概念，消除了流通区域，最大限度地利用了可用空间。已经定义了三种基本类型（一居室、两居室和三居室），有不同的变体，可以适应现有的条件。这些房屋被配置为非分层住房系统的变体，该系统消除了流通空间，同时最大限度地扩大了可用面积。
The ground floor homes feature patios with permeable paving, while the first-floor homes have terraces. The residential units are designed under a non-hierarchical spatial concept, eliminating circulation areas and maximizing usable space. Three basic typologies (one, two, and three bedrooms) have been defined, with different variations that allow adaptation to the pre-existing conditions. The homes are configured as variations of a non-hierarchical housing system that eliminates circulation spaces while maximizing usable area.

Plan

该项目包括三种基本类型（一居室、两居室和三居室），并进行了各种调整以适应现有的条件。它强调多功能性和可转换性，允许大多数空间具有可互换的用途，但厨房除外，厨房位于浴室旁边，以尽量减少安装长度。
The project includes three base typologies (one, two, and three bedrooms) with various adaptations to fit the pre-existing conditions. It emphasizes versatility and convertibility, allowing most spaces to have interchangeable uses, except for the kitchens, which are located next to the bathrooms to minimize the length of installations.

适应气候变化这些房屋的设计是为了通过乡土建筑中典型的被动策略来适应气候变化。通过对面立面的开口和楼梯间的天窗确保所有房间的交叉通风，这些天窗充当太阳能收集器和散热器。西立面的体积退缩有助于将房屋遮挡在最不利的方向。
Adaptation to climate change. The homes are designed to adapt to climate change through passive strategies typical of vernacular architecture. Cross ventilation is ensured in all rooms through openings in opposite facades and skylights in the stairwells that act as solar collectors and thermal dissipaters. The volumetric setback on the western facade helps shade the homes in their least favorable orientation.

一楼的排水花园和使用当地低需水量植被可以降低环境温度。雨水收集在储水箱中，用于灌溉。
The draining gardens on the ground floor and the use of native low-water-demand vegetation allow for a reduction in ambient temperature. Rainwater is collected in a storage tank for reuse in irrigation.

开口的布置和内部空间深度的减少大大降低了对人工照明的需求，并优化了全年的太阳能增益管理。立面采用石灰抹灰（jabelga），保证防水并密封接缝。它的白色，以及立面的突出元素，最大限度地减少了外壳的过热。
The arrangement of openings and the reduced depth of the interior spaces significantly decrease the need for artificial lighting and optimize solar gain management throughout the year. The facade is finished with a lime render (jabelga) that guarantees waterproofing and seals the joints. Its white color, along with the protruding elements of the facade, minimizes overheating of the envelope.

最后，一个地下走廊贯穿建筑的中心部分，便于设备的维护，并作为一个被动冷却系统为家庭提供调节空气。这套策略降低了建筑的能源需求，消除了对人工空调系统的需求，除了加强自然对流的吊扇。
Finally, an underground gallery runs through the central part of the building, facilitating the maintenance of installations and functioning as a passive cooling system that provides tempered air to the homes. This set of strategies reduces the energy demand of the building and eliminates the need for artificial air conditioning systems, except for ceiling fans that reinforce natural convection.

Diagram

建设性经济该项目提出了建筑解决方案和尺寸的标准化，通过预制一些元件（如木板）来促进施工。材料的选择基于邻近性、耐用性、经济效益和低环境影响的标准。
Constructive economy. The project proposes standardization of constructive solutions and dimensions to facilitate construction through the prefabrication of some elements, such as wooden slabs. The selection of materials is based on criteria of proximity, durability, economic efficiency, and low environmental impact.

该结构由Mallorcan陶瓷块（H20）制成的承重墙组成，形成10平方米的等空间网格，以及容纳楼梯、浴室和太阳能烟囱的技术模块。砌体采用垂直穿孔，从开挖处填充泥土，以提高墙体之间的热惯性和隔音性能。
The structure consists of load-bearing walls made of Mallorcan ceramic blocks (H20), forming a grid of equal spaces of 10 m² and technical modules that house the staircases, bathrooms, and solar chimneys. The masonry incorporates vertical perforations filled with earth from the excavation to improve thermal inertia and acoustic insulation between party walls.

The prefabricated slabs rest on a laminated wood perimeter beam, which resolves the lintels of the interior openings and facades, allowing for dry disassembly and future recycling of all horizontal partitions. A 5 cm compression layer and a polished concrete floor complete the slabs, ensuring acoustic insulation between floors.

Each home has direct access from the street, transforming the building into a series of attached homes, eliminating the need for elevators and promoting an efficient and sustainable housing model.