2025年大阪世博会日本馆/日光产业
Osaka Expo 2025 Japan Pavilion / Nikken Sekkei
亮点：可持续材料与设计理念的完美结合：该项目最显著的亮点在于对可持续材料——交叉层压木材（CLT）的创新运用。设计师巧妙地将CLT面板以同心圆的形式交错排列，不仅呼应了“生命的传递”和“生命的循环”的主题，更展示了CLT材料在建筑结构中的巨大潜力。CLT的可重复使用性是项目的一大亮点，设计者通过可拆卸的面板设计、干式连接方法以及最小化加工，确保了展馆在展览结束后能够被拆卸、回收和再利用，这与“循环经济”的设计理念高度契合，体现了对环境负责任的态度，同时也为临时建筑的可持续发展提供了范例。
精髓：展览与建筑的无缝融合与空间体验的创新：该项目的精髓在于展览设计与建筑设计的深度融合。设计师并未将展馆设计成独立的“白盒子”，而是通过不同展览环境的营造，如明亮的中庭、柔和的照明空间、低矮的天花板房间和户外水景，创造出丰富多样的感官体验。这种室内外空间的互动、光影的变幻以及不同空间尺度的对比，邀请参观者用五感体验展览叙事。此外，项目还充分利用了BIM技术，实现了建筑师、展览设计师、施工团队等各方之间的实时视觉沟通，确保了设计意图的准确传达和高效实现，展现了数字化技术在建筑设计中的重要作用。
独特之处：结构创新与对临时建筑的深度思考：该项目在结构设计上展现了大胆的创新。通过钢框架与CLT面板的组合，实现了建筑的圆形外观和结构的稳定性。外露的CLT结构也成为了建筑的独特元素，同时充当抗震构件。特别值得一提的是，该项目对临时建筑的特性进行了深入思考，针对性地解决了材料耐久性、耐候性以及拆卸和再利用等问题。例如，采用了干式复合地板系统、可拆卸的CLT面板连接方式，以及创新的玻璃幕墙结构，这些细节都体现了设计师在面对临时性建筑挑战时的智慧和专业性，为未来的临时性建筑设计提供了宝贵的经验。
展览入口。图片由经济产业省提供
Exhibition entrance. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
西南侧外观。图片由经济产业省提供
Southwest side exterior. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
2025年关西大阪世博会的日本馆是日本政府的官方展馆。该建筑的设计是为了回应其展览概念“生命之间”，通过以同心圆形形式重复交错排列交叉层压木材（CLT）面板，体现了“生命的传递”和“生命的循环”的主题。
The Japan Pavilion at Expo 2025 Osaka, Kansai, serves as the official pavilion of the Japanese government. Designed in response to its exhibition concept "Between Lives," the architecture embodies themes of "the relay of life" and "the cycle of life" through a repetitive, staggered arrangement of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels in a concentric circular formation.
外部图像（白天）。图片由经济产业省提供
Exterior image (daytime). Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
像森林一样的亭子——木材的使用，无论是作为树木还是木材，都象征着生命的循环和循环经济。在各种木材技术中，CLT提供了一种新颖的系统，通过将小直径原木转化为薄层压板，将其堆叠以制造大型面板，从而提高了木材利用的潜力。此外，展览结束后，该展馆使用的一部分CLT面板将被拆卸并归还给其贷款人日本交叉层压木材协会，在那里它们将被重新利用并用于后续的建筑项目。建筑的这种再生特性证明了其与展馆的总体主题“循环”的一致性。CLT面板之间的间隙有助于视觉渗透，从而在外部和内部环境以及展览和建筑之间建立无缝连接。这种相互作用引入了一个额外的“中间层”，扩展了循环的概念。
A Pavilion Like a Forest – The use of wood, whether as a tree or timber, symbolizes the cycle of life and the circular economy. Among various timber technologies, CLT offers a novel system that enhances the potential of wood utilization by transforming small-diameter logs into thin laminates, which are stacked to create large panels. Additionally, a proportion of the CLT panels used in this pavilion will be disassembled and returned to their lender, the Japan Cross Laminated Timber Association, after the exhibition, where they are to be repurposed and used in subsequent architectural projects. This regenerative characteristic of the architecture serves as a testament to its alignment with the pavilion's overarching theme of "cycle." The gaps between the CLT panels facilitate visual permeability, thereby establishing a seamless connection between exterior and interior environments, as well as the exhibition and the architecture. This interplay introduces an additional layer of "in-betweenness," expanding the notion of the cycle.
概念图像。图片由经济产业省提供
Concept image. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
一个能够承受各种元素的木结构：外部CLT复合框架系统——通过沿圆周交错排列高达约3m×12m的CLT面板，实现了建筑圆形形态的建造。因此，该建筑的圆形形状是通过矩形面板实现的。使用最大尺寸的家用CLT面板，以简单的配置保持直立位置。采用钢框架，由两个CLT面板夹在中间，在内部和外部表达和展示CLT作为关键建筑元素。
A Wooden Structure that Can Withstand the Elements: Exterior CLT Clad Framing System – The construction of the building's circular form is achieved through the radial arrangement of CLT panels measuring up to approximately 3m × 12m in a staggered formation along the circumference. The building's circular form is therefore achieved with rectangular panels. Maximum-sized domestic CLT panels are utilized, maintaining an upright position with a simple configuration. A steel frame is employed and sandwiched by two CLT panels, expressing and showcasing CLT as the key architectural element both internally and externally.
CLT单元沿建筑周边布置。图片由经济产业省提供
CLT units arranged along the building perimeter. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
CLT的可重复使用方法——本项目中使用的CLT面板设计为可拆卸，归还给贷款人，并在展览后重新使用。为了便于面板的重复使用，面板制造的设计目的是尽量减少裂缝、布线和钻孔。没有使用粘合剂，确保了拆卸和重新组装的便利性。相反，一种干式连接方法将CLT面板固定在钢框架上。采用结构螺钉和盲螺栓来确保精确、无间隙的连接，即使在封闭区域内也是如此。进行了结构测试，以验证接头的强度和刚度，并使用测试模型评估施工和拆卸的难易程度。CLT面板内部配置了3层（3层），外部配置了4层（4层），并增加了额外的保护层。保护层中制造了狭缝，可以直接插入玻璃，创造出一个简单而富有表现力的立面，突出了CLT面板的存在。总共使用了约1600立方米的CLT。
A Reusable Approach to CLT – The CLT panels utilized in this project are designed to be disassembled, returned to their lender, and repurposed after the exhibition. To facilitate the reuse of the panels, panel fabrications were designed to minimize slits, routing, and drilled openings. No adhesives were used, ensuring ease of disassembly and reassembly. Instead, a dry method of joining secures the CLT panels to the steel framework. Structural screws and blind bolts were employed to ensure precise, gap-free joints, even within confined areas. Structural testing was conducted to verify the strength and rigidity of the joints, as well as to assess the ease of construction and disassembly using test mock-ups. The CLT panels are configured with 3-ply (3 layers) for the interior and, adding an extra ply for protection, with 4-ply (4 layers) for the exterior. Slits are fabricated in the protection ply to allow for the direct insertion of glass, creating a straightforward yet expressive façade that highlights the presence of the CLT panels. In total, approximately 1,600 cubic meters of CLT is used.
完成的外观视图。图片由经济产业省提供
View of the completed exterior. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
圆形结构体系——为了实现高度灵活的展览空间和突出CLT建筑表达的结构，展馆的核心结构体系采用了钢材。外露的CLT组件用作抗震元件，显示出明确的组成。该结构由均匀间隔的钢结构框架组成，这些框架使用中小型钢型材径向排列。在圆周方向上，每个框架仅由次梁连接，形成了一个简单而合理的系统，塑造了圆形平面。为了实现均衡的抗震稳定性，CLT结构墙沿着平面图的外环、中环和内环战略性地定位。这些墙被精心地排列成交错的形式，在每个同心区交替排列。这种配置解决了该建筑特有的关键结构挑战，其中由于展览布局，地板（水平结构表面元素）会出现不连续性。同时，它确保了圆形平面图的每个区域都有足够的扭转刚度。这些CLT结构墙具有多种功能：1）描绘展览空间内的空间划分，2）形成建筑的内外墙，3）作为抗震元件。实现了展览设计、建筑设计、结构性能一体化的目标。
A Circular Structural System – To achieve both a highly flexible exhibition space and a structure that highlights the architectural expression of CLT, the pavilion employs steel for its core structural system. Exposed CLT components serve as seismic-resisting elements, showcasing a clearly defined composition. The structure consists of evenly spaced steel structural frames arranged radially using small and mid-size steel sections. In the circumferential direction, each frame is connected solely by secondary beams, creating a simple yet rational system that shapes the circular plan. For well-balanced seismic stability, CLT structural walls are strategically positioned along the outer, middle, and inner rings of the plan. These walls are meticulously arranged in a staggered formation, alternating their orientation in each concentric zone. This configuration addresses a critical structural challenge unique to this building, wherein discontinuities in the floor plates (horizontal structural surface elements) occur due to the exhibition layout. Concurrently, it ensures adequate torsional rigidity throughout each zone of the circular plan. These CLT structural walls fulfill several functions: 1) delineating the spatial divisions within the exhibition space, 2) forming both the interior and exterior walls of the building, and 3) functioning as seismic-resistant elements. The aim of integrating the exhibition design, architectural design, and structural performance into a unified system has been achieved.
钢结构+CLT结构墙渲染图。图片由经济产业省提供
Steel structure + CLT structural walls rendering. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
精心打造简洁：结构CLT直接玻璃幕墙——这款玻璃幕墙（GCW）融合了两项关键的结构创新。第一项创新涉及玻璃对CLT面板上风压引起的变形的适应。在这种情况下，用作玻璃框架的壁单元具有稍微复杂的变形，通过精确地绘制和验证玻璃滑动和岩石如何适应这种复杂的变形来证实变形跟踪是可能的。此外，由于CLT因其材料特性而自然发生翘曲和收缩，因此进行了有限元法（FEM）分析，以评估与CLT面板接触的玻璃的应力集中。第二个创新是在CLT墙单元上直接安装玻璃，而不需要任何金属框架。鉴于缺乏密封剂与木材相容性的先例，提前进行了粘附性和耐污染性测试，以确认可行性。这种GCW不仅扩展了集成木材和玻璃的可能性，还为临时结构的理想外部材料应该是什么的问题提供了一种解决方案，有助于减少组件和降低成本的施工过程。
Detailing Deliberately Made to Look Simple: Structural CLT Direct-Glazing Curtain Wall – This glass curtain wall (GCW) incorporates two key structural innovations. The first innovation pertains to the glass's accommodation of deformation caused by wind pressure on the CLT panel. The wall unit that serves as the glass frame in this case has a somewhat complex deformation, and by precisely drawing and verifying how the glass slides and rocks to accommodate this complex deformation, it has been confirmed that deformation tracking is possible. Additionally, as CLT naturally undergoes warping and shrinkage due to its material property, finite element method (FEM) analysis was performed to assess stress concentrations of the glass where it is in contact with the CLT panel. The second innovation is the direct glazing of glass onto the CLT wall units without any metal framing. Given the lack of precedent regarding the compatibility between sealant and wood, adhesion and contamination resistance tests were conducted in advance to confirm feasibility. This GCW not only expands the possibilities of integrating wood and glass but also offers a solution to the question of what the ideal exterior material of a temporary structure should be, contributing to a construction process with fewer components and reduced costs.
07_由CLT单元组成的幕墙。图片由经济产业省提供
07_Curtain wall composed of CLT units. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
CLT顶部。图片由经济产业省提供
CLT top. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
配置的CLT面板视图。图片由经济产业省提供
View of the configured CLT panels. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
展览与建筑的融合——在过去的世博会上，展馆通常被设计成独立的白色立方体，展览与建筑设计之间几乎没有融合。然而，该项目寻求展览规划和建筑设计的无缝整合，两者并行发展。为了补充展览内容，展馆创造了各种“展览环境”：包括一个明亮的开放式中庭，允许自然光穿过薄膜屋顶，一个带有天窗的柔和照明空间，突出了CLT表面的质感，一个低天花板的黑暗房间，鼓励游客专注于展览，以及一个以水景为中心的标志性室外空间。展馆提供多样化的展览环境，包括室内外、光影、空间大小，邀请游客用五种感官体验展览叙事。为了确保这种整合，建筑设计团队负责协调展览规划，领导整个日本馆项目。在详细设计阶段，一个完全BIM集成的过程不仅在建筑师之间，而且在展览设计师、施工团队和其他利益相关者之间实现了实时视觉交流，简化了整个设计过程。
The Integration of Exhibition and Architecture – At past Expos, pavilions were often designed as independent white cubes, with little to no integration between the exhibition and the architectural design. This project, however, sought a seamless integration of exhibition planning and architectural design, developing both in parallel. To complement the exhibition content, the pavilion creates a variety of "exhibiting environments": including a bright, open atrium that allows natural light to filter through the membrane roof, a softly illuminated space with skylights that accentuate the texture of CLT surfaces, a darkened room with a low ceiling that encourages visitors to focus on the displays and an iconic outdoor space centered around a water feature. The provision of diverse exhibiting settings—including indoor and outdoor, light and shadow, and spatially large and small—the pavilion invites visitors to experience the exhibition narrative with all their five senses. To ensure this integration, the architectural design team was tasked with the coordination of the exhibition planning, leading the entire Japan Pavilion project. During the detailed design phase, a fully BIM-integrated process enabled real-time visual communication not only among architects but also with the exhibition designers, construction teams, and other stakeholders, streamlining the entire design process.
展览区B2-5。图片由经济产业省提供
Exhibition areaB2-5. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
展览区B2-2。图片由经济产业省提供
Exhibition areaB2-2. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
展览区A3。图片由经济产业省提供
Exhibition areaA3. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
吃垃圾的展馆——作为“生命周期”主题的象征性表达，展馆配备了沼气厂。从世博会场地收集的食物垃圾被微生物发酵变形，产生沼气，转化为展馆的电力。展览空间位于二楼，而一楼是工厂和公用设施区。这种分段布置确保了功能的清晰划分，同时使游客能够通过开放的中庭观察正在运行的沼气设施，从而将沼气厂融入展览体验中。
A Pavilion That Eats Trash –As a symbolic expression of "the Cycle of Life" theme, the pavilion is equipped with a biogas plant. Food waste collected from the Expo grounds is deformed by microbial fermentation, generating biogas that is converted to electricity for the pavilion. The exhibition spaces are located on the second floor, while the first floor houses the plant and utility areas. This sectional arrangement ensures a clear delineation of functions while enabling visitors to observe the biogas facility in operation through an open atrium, thereby integrating the biogas plant into the exhibition experience.
日本馆沼气厂效果图。图片由经济产业省提供
Rendering of Biogas plant implemented in the Japan Pavilion. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
一个充满活力的展览空间，为所有人提供共享体验——一条缓坡的室外走廊环绕着二楼的展览，确保残疾人无障碍通道和路线。这种通用的设计方法确保了所有人的平等参与和共享经验。室外走廊作为通往三个展览区的通道和紧急路线，旨在安全疏散残疾人。为了提高展馆的可达性，与来自各个领域的专家举办了研讨会，并将他们的反馈纳入规划中，包括坡度、材料纹理和颜色对比等考虑因素。
A Dynamic Exhibition Space for a Shared Experience for All – A gently sloping outdoor corridor encircles the second-floor exhibition, ensuring individuals with disabilities have barrier-free access and a route. This universal design approach ensures equal participation and shared experiences for all. The outdoor corridor functions as an access route to three exhibition areas and as an emergency route, designed to safely evacuate individuals with disabilities. To enhance the pavilion's accessibility, workshops were conducted with experts from various fields, and their feedback was incorporated into the planning, including considerations such as slope gradients, material textures, and color contrasts.
室外走廊。图片由经济产业省提供
Outdoor corridor. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
由自然力量塑造的舒适户外走廊——走廊被凉棚覆盖，形成了一个遮蔽的空间，通过垂直木板之间的缝隙可以看到内部展览室和周围的景观。开放式设计让海风穿透建筑，创造出一个类似恩加瓦的空间，巧妙地模糊了内外之间的界限。在展览空间内，空间构成类似于自然地形，几层楼分布在多个楼层。一系列中庭和倾斜的走道创造了一种动态的三维体验，让游客从各种角度参与展览。
A Comfortable Outdoor Corridor Shaped by Natural Forces – The corridor is covered by a pergola, forming a sheltered space where glimpses of the interior exhibition rooms and the surrounding landscape can be seen through the gaps between vertical timber panels. The open design allows sea breezes to penetrate the building, creating an engawa-like space that subtly blurs the boundary between inside and outside. Within the exhibition space, the spatial composition resembles a natural terrain, with several floors arranged across multiple levels. A series of atriums and sloped walkways create a dynamic, three-dimensional experience, allowing visitors to engage with the exhibition from a variety of viewpoints.
室外走廊图像。图片由经济产业省提供
Outdoor corridor image. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
基于临时结构时间限制的挑战——鉴于展馆的临时性，展馆的设计在外部和内部都暴露了CLT面板，创造了一种独特的建筑表现。为了解决结构完整性和耐候性问题，CLT面板的基本配置是内部面板为3层（三层），外部面板为4层（3层）。为了减轻填海地面的低承载力，展览空间的地板采用干式复合地板系统，将结构胶合板和波纹地板与螺钉结合在一起。该系统提高了行走舒适度，同时允许在施工早期安装地板。为了便于展览后的拆卸，地板镶板使用自攻或钻孔螺钉固定在钢梁上，消除了焊接的需要，并确保了完全干燥的结构。进行了全面测试，以验证行走舒适性和振动性能。此外，地板系统的设计是为了整合建筑的机械设计。冷空气通过地板和胶合板之间的空间分布，提高了空调效率。这种集成地板系统主要用于展览区，约占总建筑面积的70%，大大减少了混凝土的使用。
Challenges Based on the Time Limitations of a Temporary Structure –The design of the pavilion, given its temporary nature, exposes the CLT panels on both the exterior and interior, creating a distinctive architectural expression. Addressing structural integrity and weather resistance measures, the basic configuration of the CLT panels was a 3-ply (three layers) for the interior panel and a 4-ply (3 layers) for the exterior. To mitigate the low bearing capacity of the reclaimed ground, floors of the exhibition spaces employ a dry composite floor system, combining structural plywood and corrugated floor decking with screws. This system improves walking comfort while enabling floor installation in the early stage of construction. To facilitate disassembly after the exhibition, the floor decking sheets are affixed to the steel beams using tapping or drilling screws, eliminating the need for welding and ensuring a fully dry construction. Full-scale testing was conducted to verify walking comfort and vibration performance. Additionally, the floor system was designed to integrate the building's mechanical design. Cold air is distributed through the space between the floor decking and plywood, enhancing air conditioning efficiency. This integrated floor system is primarily adopted in the exhibition areas, covering approximately 70% of the total floor area and significantly reducing the use of concrete.
一种利用地板的干式建筑风管。图片由经济产业省提供
A dry-construction air duct utilizing floor decking. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
细节部分采用细致的干式结构，便于拆卸。图片由经济产业省提供
Detailed section a meticulous dry construction for ease of disassembly. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
设计用于灵活处理地面沉降的基础（基础特拉斯+弃土清理平衡）–现场位于大量填海土地区域，因此有必要实施结构措施来解决下层粘土层的固结沉降问题。为了解决这个问题，基础采用扩展式基础（浮动基础系统），在地面以下约2.5米处开挖，以平衡弃土的重量和建筑物的荷载。为了减轻柱上不均匀轴向荷载引起的集中沉降，提出了一种刚性钢-桁架梁体系。这种基础结构有效地将柱的轴向荷载分配到地面，最大限度地减少了沉降深度的差异，并确保了整体稳定性。此外，由于现场东部和西部的填海期不同，人们担心沉降深度存在显著差异。为了适应潜在的差异沉降，在基础中预留了顶升空间，以便在必要时进行施工期间的水平调整。施工与沉降测量、自升式钻井调整阈值的确定以及预模拟分析的执行同时进行。
A Foundation Designed to Flexibly Handle Ground Subsidence (Foundation Truss + Spoil Removal Balance) – The site's location on a substantial reclaimed land area necessitated the implementation of structural measures to address the consolidation settlement of the underlying clay layer. To address this issue, the foundation adopts a spread footing (floating foundation system), excavating approximately 2.5 meters below ground level to balance the weight of the spoil removal with the load of the building. To mitigate concentrated settlement caused by uneven axial loads on the columns, a rigid steel-truss beam system was introduced. This foundation structure effectively distributes the axial loads of columns to the ground, minimizing differences in settlement depth and ensuring overall stability. Furthermore, due to differences in reclamation periods between the eastern and western sections of the site, there was a concern about significant differences in settlement depth. To accommodate potential differential settlements, spaces for jacking were prepared in the foundation, allowing for level adjustments during construction when necessary. Construction proceeded concurrently with the measurement of subsidence, the establishment of threshold values for jack-up adjustments, and the execution of pre-simulation analyses.
正在施工的基础特拉斯同心成形（现场照片）。图片由经济产业省提供
Concentric formation of the foundation truss under construction (site photo). Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
展馆展示后台——展馆的建筑设计反映了2025年世博会的主题“为我们的生活设计未来社会”，体现了万物通过相互联系的关系存在并得到他人支持的理念。这一概念在建筑结构中得到了体现，钢框架、CLT面板和玻璃形成了相互支持的设计。钢架支撑CLT面板，而CLT面板则稳定钢架以抵抗水平载荷。CLT面板支撑玻璃，而玻璃减轻了由风压引起的CLT面板的变形。通过尽可能减少装饰元素，设计本身就从这种相互依存的结构组合中脱颖而出。与此同时，传统上隐藏的元素，包括工厂在内，容纳了支撑建筑的所有公用设施，在视觉上是暴露的。
A Pavilion Showcasing the Back of the House – The architectural design of the pavilion reflects the theme of Expo 2025, "Designing Future Society for Our Lives", which embodies the idea that everything exists through interconnected relationships and is supported by others. This concept is expressed in the building structure, with the steel frame, CLT panels, and glass forming a mutually supportive design. The steel frame supports the CLT panels, while the CLT panels stabilize the steel frame against horizontal loads. The CLT panels support the glass, while the glass mitigates the deformation of the CLT panels caused by wind pressure. By reducing decorative elements as much as possible, the design itself emerges from this interdependent structural composition. At the same time, conventionally hidden elements, which accommodate all the utilities that sustain a building, including the plant, are visually exposed.
西侧外观。图片由经济产业省提供
West side exterior. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
通过与这些经常被忽视的结构和环境元素，以及木材的气味、温度的微妙变化和自然光质量的变化相结合，展馆提供了一种感官体验，促进了空间内的真正联系，给人留下了持久的记忆。这种直接的空间相遇与表面的虚拟环境形成鲜明对比，提供了一个符合本届世博会主题愿望的展览空间。
By engaging with these structural and environmental elements, which are often overlooked, along with the scent of wood, the subtle shifts in temperature, and the changing qualities of natural light, the pavilion offers a sensory experience that fosters genuine connections within the space, leaving a lasting impression on one's memory. This direct, spatial encounter contrasts with the superficial virtual environment, offering an exhibition space that lives up to the aspirations of the theme for this Expo.
鸟瞰图。图片由经济产业省提供
Bird’s-eye view rendering. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
日本馆的横截面。图片由经济产业省提供
Cross section of the Japan Pavilion. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
室外走廊。图片由经济产业省提供
Outdoor corridor. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
展区A5-5展区A4。图片由经济产业省提供
Exhibition areaA5-5Exhibition areaA4. Image Courtesy of Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
