金沙贝斯工厂

金沙贝斯工厂
Sands Bethworks

SWA集团：伯利恒钢铁公司（Bethlehem Steel）的前身，美国环境保护局（EPA）全国最大的棕地改造计划所在地，需要进一步考虑改善土壤pH值水平和雨水径流，为其新的混合用途租户做准备。它的重新设计通过保护和适应性再利用来纪念我国的工业遗产，并为游客提供一个健康、吸引人的环境。最重要的是，它催化了宾夕法尼亚州南伯利恒地区惊人的复兴。在全国范围内，工业时代制造业和工程成就的大量实物文物在技术进步的阴影下腐烂，与周围的杂草相比，没有得到更多的关注。幸运的是，同样的情况在某些地方也有可能出现。
SWA Group: The former home of Bethlehem Steel, site of the EPA’s largest brownfield conversion plan in the nation, required further consideration to improve soil pH levels and storm water runoff in preparation for its new mixed-use tenants. Its redesign honors our country’s industrial heritage through preservation and adaptive reuse and provides a healthy, appealing environment for visitors. Most importantly, it has catalyzed a stunning revival of the South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, region. Throughout the country, massive physical artifacts of the Industrial era’s manufacturing and engineering achievements lay decaying in the shadows of technological advancements, garnering no more attention than the weeds surrounding them. Fortunately, that same condition is viewed with potential in some places.

Sands Bethworks

重新定位后工业景观的环境遗产的一个最突出的例子可以追溯到宾夕法尼亚州伯利恒市Lehigh运河的南岸。伯利恒钢铁公司（BSC）的前总部占地1800英亩（其中20英亩属于本项目），占伯利恒总土地面积的20%。该公司成立于1904年，一直经营到1998年，美国制造业撤资、外国竞争和短期利润目标最终导致其破产。经过近一个世纪的运营，伯利恒钢铁公司关闭对该市的影响令人心碎，数千个工作岗位瞬间消失，同时该市总税基的20%。剩下的只是一个即将到来的破产申请和该国最大的棕地。
One of the most prominent examples of redirecting the environmental legacy of a post-industrial landscape can be traced to the south banks of the Lehigh Canal, in the city of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. Comprising 1,800 acres (20 of which belong to this project) and 20 percent of Bethlehem’s total land mass is the former headquarters of Bethlehem Steel Corporation (BSC). Founded in 1904, the company continued to operate until 1998, when US manufacturing divestment, foreign competition, and short-term profit goals finally led to its demise. After almost a century of operation, the effects of Bethlehem Steel’s closure on the city were heartbreaking, as thousands of jobs disappeared instantly, along with 20 percent of the city’s total tax base. All that remained was an impending bankruptcy claim and the largest brownfield site in the country.

环境补救：运营结束后，在设计团队参与之前，BSC、宾夕法尼亚州环境保护部和EPA制定了一项清理协议，根据该协议，375吨受重金属和有毒化合物污染的土壤被挖掘并运至许可的填埋场，然后用干净的填料回填。在开挖和清除土壤的同时，还实施了石油产品的清除和路径清除。
Environmental Remediation: Following the closure of operations and before the design team became involved, BSC, the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection, and the EPA enacted a cleanup agreement under which 375 tons of soil contaminated with heavy metals and toxic compounds was excavated and transported to a permitted landfill, then backfilled with clean fill. Along with the excavation and removal of soil, removal of petroleum products and pathway elimination were implemented.

社会补救：在清理活动完成后，项目设计师和官员仍然面临着因拟建赌场而引起的社区担忧。这座城市的一支居民队伍专注于发展可能带来的负面社会后果。Sands Bethworks能否改变当地对“外来”企业的看法？除经济影响外，混合用途项目将如何提升伯利恒并融入城市？
Social Remediation: After cleanup activities were completed, project designers and officials still faced community concerns stemming from the proposed construction of a casino. A contingent of the city’s inhabitants focused on the potential negative social consequences of the development. Would Sands Bethworks be able to change local perceptions of “outsider” businesses? And beyond economic impact, how would the mixed-use project enhance Bethlehem and integrate into the city?

在对居民的讲话中，伯利恒市长伸出了援助之手，以缓解人们的担忧，并传达桑兹·贝瑟沃克斯的社会效益。通过强调合法赌博作为复兴催化剂的经济力量，居民们了解了赌场如何拯救伯利恒丰富的历史，而不是取代它。有了新的资本和资源流，高炉和历史建筑以及社区的愿景都可以得到保护和修复，从而在确保选民适当支持的同时，避免了人们对工程的印象。2009年开盘三年后，房屋销售增长了13%，房价中值在一年内增长了2%。金沙贝斯工厂大约有2500人仍然在工作，每年有900多万美元的招待费流入该市预算。
In an address to residents, Bethlehem’s mayor reached out to relieve apprehension and convey the social benefits of Sands Bethworks. By highlighting the economic power of legalized gaming as a catalyst for revitalization, residents were made to understand how the casino would save Bethlehem’s rich history rather than supplant it. With new capital and resource streams, the blast furnaces and historic buildings in addition to the community’s vision could be preserved and restored, thus saving the perception of Sands Bethworks while ensuring proper support from the constituency. Three years after opening in 2009, house sales increased 13 percent and the median price of homes increased 2 percent in one year. Around 2,500 people remain employed at Sands Bethworks, and more than $9 million in host fees feed into the city’s budget annually.

可持续设计：经过仔细分析，重新设计的重点是保护和提升该遗址的历史工业环境，同时利用其作为经济增长引擎的现有潜力。通过建筑物的再利用和谨慎的设计措施，可持续性是一个可以实现的优先事项，尽管存在挑战。在众多土壤腐蚀性试验和表土适宜性试验中，发现铁矿石的持续开采和移动导致土壤碱度水平异常高。由于碱性土壤锁住铁，导致植物失绿，因此选择了低维护、耐碱的植被来应对这种情况。桦树和杜松树等常绿植物减少了大量土壤改良的需要，节约了成本，提高了可持续性。此外，树木、灌木和地被植物通过收集和中和植物生物量内的污染物，通过植物提取和植物降解过程进一步清洁土壤。但首先是清理工作。
Sustainable Design: After careful analysis, the focus of the redesign became to preserve and elevate the site’s historic industrial setting while capitalizing on its current potential as an engine for economic growth. Through the reuse of buildings and careful design measures, sustainability was an achievable priority despite challenges. During numerous soil corrosivity tests and topsoil suitability tests, the continuous extraction and movement of iron ore was found to have left soil alkalinity levels abnormally high. Because alkaline soils lock up iron, causing chlorosis in plants, low-maintenance, alkaline-tolerant vegetation was selected to counteract this condition. Evergreen plants such as birch and juniper diminished the need for amending large quantities of soil, saving costs and increasing sustainable performance. Additionally, trees, shrubs, and groundcover further cleaned soils through processes of phytoextraction and phytodegradation by collecting and neutralizing contaminants within the plant’s biomass. But first came the cleanup.

节约水质：为了修复水质状况，在景观内的低洼地区修建了超过25个砾石和植被生物墙，拦截了超过11英亩土地的径流和雨水，并通过渗滤作用作为天然净水器，最终为当地蓄水层补充水。在设计过程中，出现了两种类型的洼地，每两年一次的风暴可捕获36574立方英尺的水。停车场的洼地由30%的堆肥和60%的表土组成，并带有排水沟，而入口附近的砾石洼地顶部还有6英寸的砾石。通过沿入口安装30多个凹陷的路缘石，径流可以很容易地到达渗透区，在三个类别中，将国家标准下的污染物负荷减少50%：总悬浮固体、磷和氮。低渗透性土壤条件导致的缓慢渗透也被逆转，这是安装洼地和伴随的地下排水沟的直接结果。
Saving Water Quality: To remediate water conditions, over 25 gravel and vegetated bioswales were built into depressed areas within the landscape, intercepting runoff and storm water over 11 acres of land and functioning as natural water purifiers through percolation for eventual recharge of local aquifers. During the design process, two types of swales emerged to capture 36,574 cubic feet of water per two-year storm event. Swales located in the parking lots consisted of an amended soil mix of 30 percent compost and 60 percent topsoil with an under drain, while gravel swales near the entrance included an additional six inches of gravel on top. By installing over 30 depressed curbs along entryways, runoff could easily reach infiltration areas, reducing pollutant loads under state standards by 50 percent in three categories: total suspended solids, phosphorus, and nitrogen. Slow infiltration due to low-permeable soil conditions was also reversed as a direct result of the installed swales and accompanying under drains.

结构致敬：出于历史保护的目的，设计团队提出了一个简单、低维护的景观，可以抢救和重新利用现场废弃的许多工业建筑和遗迹。进入后，游客们从一台巨大的矿石起重机下经过，这台起重机曾用于从铁路和河流中搬运大量材料，伯利恒钢铁公司的历史遗产立即被唤起。围绕着这一引人注目的门户特征的是填有再生材料的石笼；起重机下方的联合放矿台阶向下移动，以模拟历史上的矿石开采活动。建筑物也被打捞上来，并将在未来几年重新规划，33座现有建筑物中有23座被保留。其中一个被称为约翰逊机械综合体的建筑群，正被改造成196套公寓和一个室内停车场，其中有莱海河谷最大的餐厅。此外，该建筑群的旧屋顶被重新设计，用作室外庭院的覆盖物。
Structural Tribute: For historic preservation purposes, the design team proposed a simple, low-maintenance landscape that would salvage and repurpose many of the industrial buildings and relics abandoned on-site. Upon entry, the historic legacy of Bethlehem Steel is immediately evoked as visitors pass under a massive ore crane once used for moving large volumes of material from the railway and river. Surrounding this dramatic gateway feature are gabions filled with reclaimed materials; conjunctive grading underneath the crane steps down to mimic historic ore extraction activity. Buildings have also been salvaged and will be reprogrammed over the coming years, with 23 of 33 existing buildings being retained. One cluster, known as the Johnson Machinery complex, is being turned into 196 condominiums and an indoor parking structure with the largest restaurant in the Lehigh Valley. Further, the old roofs from the complex were repurposed and used as covering for outdoor courtyards.

就在主停车场的南面，保留了一段承载砾石、岩石和其他材料的剩余栈桥，以确定停车场周边的南部边缘。为了统一新旧场地条件，设计遵循了整个场地的栈桥结构线，根据历史优先顺序创建秩序。
Just south of the main parking lot, sections of leftover trestles that carried gravel, rock, and other materials were preserved to define the southern edge of the parking perimeter. To unify both new and old site conditions, the design followed the lines of the trestle structures through the site, creating order based upon historical precedence.

通过尊重和强调该地区的工业规模，Sands Bethworks成为催化作用的典范，周边的发展也随之跟进：2012年5月，一个新的多用途活动中心开业；当地PBS分支机构的广播总部现在位于Bethworks；国家工业历史博物馆的所在地也正在规划之中。十年前，在前伯利恒钢铁厂，围绕环境正义、美学和历史使命的各种问题的融合是难以想象的；然而，今天的Sands Bethworks代表了看似绝望的环境如何实际催化经济繁荣和社会坚毅，成为美国其他城镇的教育工具，在他们自己的后工业景观中寻找解决方案。
By respecting and emphasizing the industrial scale of the place, Sands Bethworks stands as a paradigm of catalytic action, with surrounding developments following suit: a new multi-purpose events center opened in May 2012; the broadcast home of the local PBS affiliate is now located at Bethworks; and a site for the home of the National Museum of Industrial History is being proposed. Ten years ago, a convergence of issues centered on environmental justice, aesthetics, and historical imperatives would have been difficult to imagine at the former Bethlehem Steel plant; however, today Sands Bethworks represents how seemingly hopeless conditions can actually catalyze economic prosperity and social fortitude to become an educational tool for other towns in the United States looking for solutions within their own postindustrial landscapes.

Landscape architecture: SWA Group
Project: Sands Bethworks
Location: Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
Design Date: 2007
Construction Date: 2008
Area: 20 acres
Image Credit: Tom Fox