迪肯·范尼德兰/荷兰堤防

迪肯·范尼德兰/荷兰堤防
Dijken van Nederland / Dutch Dikes

萝拉：荷兰有数万公里的堤坝，总长度是这个国家的十倍多。对荷兰人来说，堤坝的存在是如此明显，以至于他们有时完全忘记了堤坝的存在，他们国家的大部分地区位于海平面以下，许多河流都高于周围地区。很少有人考虑堤坝决口或洪水的风险。但这一点并不明显：荷兰经历了无数次洪水，房屋被冲走，人们死亡。在气候变化时代的关键时刻，荷兰堤坝标志着历史上第一次在一份文件和数据库中描述所有荷兰堤坝。
LOLA: The Netherlands has got tens of thousands of kilometres of dikes, all told more than ten times the circumference of the country. For the Dutch, the presence of dikes is so obvious that they sometimes forget their presence at all, that a large part of their country lies below sea level, and that many rivers are higher than the surrounding area. Few people take into account the risk of a dike breach or flooding. Yet that is anything but obvious: the Netherlands has endured countless floods, houses have been washed away, and people have died. Dutch Dikes marks the first time in history that all of the Dutch dikes have been described in one document and database, at a pivotal moment in the age of Climate Change.

Research and results

堤坝是一种高架的、原本（挡水）的地基体，及其所有相关建筑物和人工结构。这一定义包括所有具有或不具有防洪功能的堤坝，以及一个例外类别，例如包括防线堤坝：这些堤坝用于挡水，但通常用于阻止敌人。因此，堤坝不仅仅是一种水上防御；这是我们文化的一部分。荷兰人有意无意地被束缚在堤坝上。堤坝也是我们的徒步之路，是我们的博物馆，也是我们的公园。俗话说，与水共存总比只防御水强。荷兰的历史和荷兰人民的生活都被堤坝冲破。
A dike is an elevated, originally (water) retaining ground body, with all its associated buildings and artificial structures. This definition includes all the dikes that have, or do not have, a flood defence function, plus an exceptional category that includes for example the defence line dikes: these dikes serve to hold back the water, but usually with the intention of stopping the enemy. A dike is therefore much more than just a kind of water defence; it is part of our culture. The Dutch are consciously and unconsciously bound to the dikes. The dike is also our hiking path, it is our museum, and it is our park. As the saying goes, it is better to live with the water than to only defend against it. The Netherlands is shot through with dikes, as is Dutch history and the life of the Dutch people.

2000多年来，堤防一直保持着荷兰的安全和干燥（偶尔会发生洪水）。曾经以小土堆开始的，现在是一个超过22500公里的堤坝网络。如果没有这些，至少三分之一的荷兰将不是陆地，而是海洋。尽管荷兰历史上发生过多次洪水，景观中有数千公里的堤坝，但尚未有任何详细描述荷兰范围内所有堤防的位置，且尚未对不同类型的堤防进行全面概述。这一差距现已填补。这是第一次完全绘制堤坝地图，解释防御系统，并对多样性进行分类。荷兰堤防的结果是一个地理数据库，包含荷兰所有堤防：防洪堤和非防洪堤。该数据库用于绘制荷兰堤防地图，显示整个堤防系统。第二个结果是概述了所有不同类型的堤坝，即堤坝类型学。堤坝不仅仅是堤坝：至少有43种不同类型的堤坝，它们都具有不同的结构、历史或区域位置。其中一些堤坝在九个所谓的堤坝系统中协同运行。所有堤坝都汇集在一个独特、系统的谱系中。荷兰堤防概述了我国堤防的现状，并展望了未来。

For more than 2,000 years, dikes have kept the Netherlands safe and dry (with the occasional flood). What once began with the raise of small mounds of earth is now an extensive network of over 22,500 km of dikes and dams. Without those at least one third of the Netherlands would not be land but sea. Despite the many floods throughout Dutch history, and the presence of thousands of kilometres of dikes in the landscape, there has not yet been any detailed description of the location of all the dikes on the scale of the Netherlands, and there has been no comprehensive overview of the different types of dikes. This gap has now been filled. For the first time the dikes are fully mapped, the defense system is explained and the diversity is categorized. The result of Dutch Dikes is a geographic database containing all the dikes of the Netherlands: flood defences and non-flood defence dikes. The database was used to develop the map of dikes of the Netherlands, which displays the entire system of dikes. A second result is an overview of all different types of dikes, the dike typology. A dike is not just a dike: there are at least 43 substantially different kinds of dikes, all with different structures, histories, or regional locations. Some of these dikes operate in concert, in the nine so-called dike systems. All dikes are brought together in a unique, systematic genealogy. Dutch Dikes presents an overview of our dikes in their current state, and offers a look towards the future.

Conclusion

目前，世界上约40%的人口生活在沿海地区，人口迅速增长，城市规划杂乱无章，防洪系统常常被忽视，这是一个复杂而危险的混合体。沉降和气候变化将增加，从而影响三角洲地区的全球宜居性。
Presently about 40% of the world’s population live in coastal areas in a complex and dangerous cocktail of rapid population growth, haphazard urban planning and quite often a neglected flood protection system. Subsidence and a changing climate will increase to influence the livability in delta’s worldwide.

荷兰的低地提供了活生生的证据，证明堤坝可以成功地保持人口密集的三角洲的干燥。荷兰人通过设计、管理和检查这些水厂的综合系统来确保安全。堤防建设的创新是通过反复试验而实现的：在灾难或惨败之后，辉煌的发明和智能化的堤防管理方案经常接踵而至。那么，未来会怎样？荷兰政府和水务部门的眼光非常长远，目光远远超出了国家边界。荷兰只是众多人口稠密的三角洲地区之一，最近的事件让我们认识到，洪水和破坏绝不局限于发展中国家。自从卡特里娜飓风摧毁新奥尔良以来，桑迪飓风在纽约留下了一道灾难的痕迹，萨默塞特（英国）遭遇了大洪水，整个中欧的河流都有反复发生洪水的风险。事实上，正是发达国家一些三角洲大都市的防洪失败推动了荷兰今天堤防建设的创新。
The lowlands of the Netherlands provide living proof that dikes can be used successfully to keep a densely-populated delta dry. The Dutch are kept safe by a comprehensive system of design, management and inspection of these water works. Innovations in dike building have been arrived at by trial and error: brilliant inventions and intelligent dike management proposals have frequently followed in the wake of a disaster or a fiasco. So what will the future hold? The Dutch government and the water sector take a very long view, and look well beyond the country’s borders. The Netherlands is only one of many densely-populated delta regions, and recent events bring home to us that floods and devastation are by no means confined to developing countries. Since Hurricane Katrina laid waste to New Orleans, Hurricane Sandy has left a trail of disaster in New York, major floods have afflicted Somerset (UK), and there is a recurrent risk of flooding in the rivers throughout Central Europe. It is indeed the failure of flood protection in a number of delta metropolises in the developed world that drives innovation in dike building in the Netherlands today.

在荷兰启动一项新的三角洲防洪计划，不能脱离世界范围内越来越多的反常天气。飓风造成破坏，但大部分破坏都是在随后的几小时和几天内发生的，洪水防御系统也失效了。卡特里娜飓风过后，庞查特雷恩湖淹没了新奥尔良的低洼地区，因为那里的防洪墙的结构和基础被证明是不充分的。新奥尔良和纽约现在已采用“荷兰方法”作为其新的蓝图，许多荷兰土木工程公司正积极在名为“Topscotor Water”的项目中输出其专业知识、服务和产品。从荷兰出口到其他三角洲国家的专业知识是什么？荷兰对荷兰堤防未来的看法是什么？这对全世界所有致力于保持三角洲干燥的人来说都很有意义。
The launch of a new Delta Plan for flood protection in the Netherlands cannot be divorced from the growing number of freak weather conditions worldwide. Hurricanes cause devastation, but much of the damage arises in the hours and days that follow, with the failure of flood defences. In the wake of Hurricane Katrina, Lake Pontchartrain flooded the low-lying districts of New Orleans, because the structure and foundations of the floodwalls that were in place there proved to be inadequate. New Orleans and New York have now adopted the ‘Dutch approach’ as their new blueprint, and many Dutch civil engineering firms are actively exporting their expertise, services and products within the project that has been named ‘Topsector Water’. What is this expertise that is exported from the Netherlands to the other countries with delta regions? And what is the vision underlying the Dutch approach to the future of the dikes in the Netherlands itself? This is of interest to all those who work to keep deltas dry worldwide.

Eric-Jan Pleijster, Cees van der Veeken 2015

Data

合作伙伴：基础设施和环境部、Deltares、Dienst Landelijk Gebied（DLG）、Hooghemraadschap Holland Noorderkwertier、Hooghemraadschap Rijnland、Hoogwaterbeschermingsprogramma、Rijksdienst voor het Culturel Erfgoed。
Type of project: Research/publication
Research: 2011-2014
Publication: December 2014 (first edition), February 2015 (second edition)
Location: The Netherlands
Client: Self-commissioned
Publisher: NAI010 Uitgevers
Graphic design: Koehorst in ‘t Veld
Partners: Ministery of Infrastructure and the Environment, Deltares, Dienst Landelijk Gebied (DLG), Hoogheemraadschap Holland Noorderkwartier, Hoogheemraadschap Rijnland, Hoogwaterbeschermingsprogramma, Rijksdienst voor het Culturele Erfgoed.