造影与棚架：深圳百校焕新之南海小学 / 陈东华建筑事务所

Imaging and Shelving: Shenzhen Baixiao Huanxin Nanhai Primary School/Chen Donghua Architectural Firm
造影与棚架：深圳百校焕新之南海小学 / 陈东华建筑事务所

The Gap between Time and Space

The renovation of Nanhai Primary School in Shenzhen is subordinate to the "Hundred Schools Revitalization" campaign in Shenzhen.. This is a revitalization campaign that takes advantage of the summer break to fill the spatial gaps within the campus. It requires the entire process to be extremely fast, flexible, and effective, but everything must be highly utilized and implemented.

The orthogonal spatial structure inside Nanhai Elementary School collides with the ever-changing urban interface outside, creating multiple 'residual spaces'. Based on this spatial structure relationship, we have revitalized multiple ground nodes such as the entrance wind and rain corridor, parking shed, folding corridor, single column pavilion, and fence, enriching the original spatial relationship while meeting functional requirements. In addition, due to the urgent need for usable space in the school, we have added different ceilings and mezzanine spaces on the roof and indoors, including the gymnasium, rooftop garden of the teaching building, rooftop reading shed, library mezzanine, etc., to further expand the possibility of space in the vertical direction. Most of these newly added sheds on the ground or roof are semi outdoor "contrast" structures, which cope with the hot and rainy subtropical climate, reduce dependence on air conditioning, and facilitate daily use. At the same time, these types of structures that belong to the nuclear area expansion category also avoid the complex approval process of general construction applications. Other partial renovations include the renovation of corridors, toilets, facades, and sports fields. We hope to provide integrated revitalization for Nanhai Elementary School at all scales, from large to small. Therefore, the revitalization project of Nanhai Primary School in Shenzhen is facing a highly integrated problem of "space, construction, and use".
时间与空间的缝隙

深圳南海小学改造从属于深圳“百校焕新”行动。这是一个利用暑假这个时间空隙，来填补校园内空间空隙的焕新行动。它要求整个过程极其迅速、灵活、有效，但所有事情又得高度使用和落地。

南海小学内部的正交空间结构与外部多变的城市界面碰撞出多个“剩余空间”。我们基于此空间结构关系，在入口风雨连廊、停车棚、折廊与单柱亭、围墙等多个地面节点进行了焕新，在满足功能使用的同时也丰富了原有空间关系。另外，由于学校对于使用面积的急迫需求，我们在屋顶和室内增设了不同的顶棚和夹层空间，包括体育馆、教学楼屋顶花园、屋顶阅读棚、图书馆夹层等，在竖直方向上进一步拓展空间的可能性。而这些地面或屋顶的新增棚子，大多数都是半户外的“造影”构筑物，应对了炎热多雨的亚热带气候，减少了对空调的依赖，便于日常使用，同时这些属于核增面积的构筑物类型也避免了一般报建的复杂审批流程。其他局部改造还包括走廊、厕所、外立面、运动场翻新等。我们希望从大到小的各个尺度都能为南海小学进行整合性的焕新。因此，这次深圳南海小学焕新项目面对的是一个“空间、建造与使用”高度结合的问题。

分析图

Diverse and similar 'greenhouse species'

We learn from the daily greenhouse structures in the Pearl River Delta.. They have demonstrated an alternative folk wisdom of "following the trend" in dealing with climate conditions, spatial planning, material selection, lightweight structures, cost management, and other aspects. In the Nanhai Primary School project in Shenzhen, we also intervened in the revitalization process with a relaxed and daily attitude and method, releasing various spatial effects of scaffolding in different forms, sizes, elevations and other corner material fields.

In addition, during the short period of design and construction, there needs to be a similarity relationship between these diverse scaffolds to achieve a derivative effect of drawing analogies. These inherent similarities include spatial, structural, material, usage, and other aspects. For example, in the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal directions of the plane dimension, we weave diverse and similar spatial layouts by facing the orthogonal grids of the original internal buildings and the remaining external interface angles; And for the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal dimensions of the profile, we form an internally related skeleton series in terms of corresponding spans/beams, heights/supports, slope drainage/structural constraints, etc.

We view these scaffolds as a series of 'species', with similar internal skeletal relationships giving rise to diverse and similar physical bodies and performances in different environments.
多样而相似的“棚种”

我们向珠三角的日常棚架学习。他们在面对气候条件、空间规划、材料选择、轻型结构、成本管理等方面都呈现了一种另类的“顺势而为”的民间智慧。在深圳南海小学项目，我们同样以一种放松、日常的态度与方法介入其中焕新当中，在不同形式、尺寸、标高等边角料场地里，释放出多种棚架的空间效应。

另外，在短时间的设计与建造期间里，这些多样的棚架之间又需要内含相似性的关联，以起到举一反三的衍生效果。这些内在的相似性，包括空间、结构、材料、使用等层面。例如，在平面维度的横向、竖向、斜向，我们在面对原有内部建筑的正交网格、外部剩下的界面斜角而编织出来多样而相似的空间布局；而剖面维度的横向、竖向、斜向，我们则在对应的跨度/横梁、高度/支撑、找坡排水/结构约束等方面形成内在相关的骨架系列。

我们视作这些棚架如同一系列“物种”，内在相似的骨架关系在不同的环境下衍生出不同的肉身与性能，多样而相似。

分析图

Multi functional roof shed

The renovation of the multi-functional roof shed conforms to the column span relationship of the original structure at the bottom, mostly 6 meters, and the end becomes 8 meters.. Therefore, the structural form of the ceiling has also changed at the position of the 8m column span. For example, while maintaining the same slope of the facade slant support, the truss corresponding to the 8m column span is made into a reverse beam form. From an indoor perspective, the beam at the bottom of the ceiling disappears and is replaced by a skylight. In this way, the structural form not only follows the column span of the original structure, but also breaks the original order, resulting in a displacement that follows the trend and creates alternative forms and spaces.

Is this mutation accidental, overt, deliberate, or natural, relaxed?

The structural system of the multifunctional shed is a three-dimensional steel frame system. The support is a three-dimensional slant support with inverted triangular cone, and the beam is a truss, so the force on the member is mainly axial force, and the slenderness ratio can be relatively large. The thickest pipe diameter is 108mm diameter of slant support, and the pipe diameter of other members is 50-80mm. Under the limited reinforcement conditions and cost budget of the original building, this trellis needs to be made very lightweight, like floating on a treetop. And those 108mm diameter support grids have the same diameter as the drainage pipes, with the white and equally sized ones basically integrated and not visible to each other. Therefore, the low-cost treatment of rainwater pipes here is "hidden" rather than "hidden".

The roof of the outdoor corridor on the east side of the multi-functional shed has also been newly added, creating a sense of longitudinal connection through the series of portal frames. At the same time, it also corresponds to the direction and modulus of the multifunctional shed.

屋顶多功能棚子

屋顶多功能棚子的改造，顺应了底部的原有结构的柱跨关系，大部分为 6 米，末端变为 8 米。因此顶棚的结构形式在 8 米柱跨的位置也发生了变异，例如在保持立面斜撑的斜率同等情况下，8 米柱跨对应的桁架做成了反梁形式，而在室内角度观察，天花底部的梁消失了，并进而替换成一道天窗。这样，结构形式既是遵循原有结构的柱跨，又是打破了原有的秩序性，发生了顺势而为的错位，产生了另类的形式与空间。

这种突变，到底是意外的、显性的、刻意的，还是顺势的、自然的、放松的？

多功能棚子的结构体系为立体的钢框架体系。支撑为倒三角锥的立体斜撑，梁为桁架，因此杆件受力主要为轴力，长细比可以做得比较大。最粗的管径为斜撑的 108mm 直径，其他杆件管径为 50-80mm不等。在原有建筑的有限加固条件和造价预算下，这个棚架需要做得非常轻盈，宛如飘在树梢上一般。而那些 108mm 直径的支撑网架与排水管的管径相当，白色的、同等管径的两者基本融为一体，看不出彼此，因此雨水管在这里的低成本处理是“隐”而非“藏”。

多功能棚子东侧的外廊顶棚也是新加的，通过串联一榀榀的门式框架而创造出连廊的纵深感。同时也与多功能棚子的方向与模数相呼应。

Triangle Parking Shed (No.1)

These are two "triangular" parking lots left by the interweaving of the original orthogonal relationship between the main building and the site boundary. But the original parking shed has been damaged, and its dense columns and leakage problems inside greatly hinder parking. In addition, due to the fact that the main entrance of the school is sometimes used as a car entrance and exit, the angle between the road and the parking lot opening also causes significant difficulties for driving or reversing.
Therefore, the new parking lot, like parasitizing on the original main building, conforms to its orthogonal grid direction, while its opening boundary is parallel to the road, making the most of the space size. We have removed the pillars at the 22 meter wide opening interface that touches the road, as well as at the parking positions inside; The only columns are located on the inner L-shaped boundary, and the roof is presented as a strongly floating cantilever structure with a span of 5.6 to 11 meters. After the column free space is released, teachers can park as they please. Spontaneous crowding or even disorder is the daily state of this parking shed.

However, building a large-span semi outdoor roof along the southern coast is not an easy task. Because we need to simultaneously resist gravity loads, resist typhoon uplift, and prevent isotropic loads under extreme natural conditions. So, the stress situation of this roof can be roughly divided into three types: when it is mainly subjected to gravity load, the roof is supported by the truss hanging from the opening and the rear column, and the cable can play a role under this gravity, reducing the size of the front truss members; When extreme situations occur (such as typhoons blowing or trees falling), lasso can fully utilize its high bearing capacity characteristics, improving the ultimate bearing capacity of the structure; When the roof is mainly subjected to the upward wind force, it is supported by the upward truss and pulled by the columns, and the failure of the rear tie rod is absent.

Therefore, for this' uncertain 'parking shed, do we want this truss to be light or heavy?
三角停车棚（1号）

这是由原有正交关系的主体建筑和场地边界交织而剩下的两个“三角形”停车场。但原有停车棚已经损坏，且其内部密集的柱子和漏雨问题非常妨碍停车。另外，由于学校正门时而作为车行出入口，道路与停车场开口的角度也让出车或倒车造成较大困扰。
因此，新的停车场，如同寄生在原有主体建筑上，顺应了其正交方向的网格，同时其开口边界与道路平行，尽可能利用空间大小。在与道路碰触的 22 米宽开口界面，以及内部的停车位置，我们都取消了柱子；仅有的柱子位列在靠内侧的L型边界，而屋面因此以一个强烈漂浮感的悬挑结构呈现，悬挑跨度为 5.6 米到 11 米。当无柱空间被释放出来后，老师们便可以“随心所欲”地停车。自发的拥挤甚至无序才是这个停车棚的日常状态。

然而在南方沿海做一个大跨度的半户外屋面，并不是容易的事情。因为我们需要同时抵抗重力荷载，抵抗台风上掀，以及预防极端自然条件下的各向荷载。所以，这个屋面的受力情况大概可以分三种：当承受重力荷载为主时，屋面由开口上翻的桁架垂挂和后端柱子支撑，拉索在这种重力作用下即可发挥作用，减轻了前端桁架的杆件尺寸；当极端情况发生时（如台风下吹或树木倒下），拉索可充分发挥其高承载力特性，提高了结构的极限承载能力；当承受上掀风力为主时，屋面由上翻桁架顶住和柱子拉住，后端拉杆失效缺席。

因此，对于这个“不确定”的停车棚，我们是希望这个桁架轻，还是希望它重？

分析图

Rectangular Parking Shed (No.2)

The original parking shed on the site was blown down during a summer typhoon in 2023, so we need to build a new one.. The new parking shed basically follows the original layout, but we have some differences in structure and materials. The planar layout of the structure presents a C-shape, and for the convenience of parking, there should be no columns in the opening or interior, similar to a triangular parking shed. The beams on the roof are suspended by upturned truss beams and tie rods, while a naturally hanging waterproof fabric woven fabric is used underneath the roof to form a continuous semi transparent top surface. Sunshine and tree shadows interweave on the waterproof cloth, forming another silhouette; At the same time, fallen leaves can accumulate on the flexible waterproof cloth roof, and cleaning workers only need to gently poke or blow them, and the leaves can slide down.
长方停车棚（2号）

场地原有的停车棚在 2023 年的一次夏天台风里被吹倒，因此我们需要新建一个停车棚。新的停车棚基本遵循原有的平面布局，但我们在结构和物料上有所区别。结构的平面布局呈现一个 C 字形，为方便停车，开口和内部都不能有柱子，与三角形停车棚类似。屋面的梁被上翻的桁架梁和拉杆吊挂，而屋面底下采用自然垂挂的防水布编织物，形成连片不断的半透明顶面。阳光与树影交织在防水布上面，形成另一种剪影；同时落叶可以积累在柔性的防水布屋面，清洁工人只需要轻轻一捅或一吹，树叶即可滑下来。

Bike Shed

Borrowing the height difference between the pillars and the outside of the fence, we attached a section of the fence and built a one-way cantilevered bike shed, with diagonal pull rods tied outside the fence.. The layout of the bicycle shed is staggered along the linear fence according to the original tree positions, and the roof is covered with a single-layer lightweight corrugated aluminum plate. The original thin wall interface extends to the thickness of the usable space.
单车棚

借用围墙自身柱子和外部高差，我们依附其中一段围墙，搭建了一个单向悬挑的单车棚，斜向拉杆往围墙外拉结。单车棚布局根据原有树木位置而沿着线性围墙错列布局，屋面采用单层轻量的波纹铝板覆盖。原有单薄的围墙界面，在此延伸出使用空间的厚度。

Playground pergola

Playground pergola is similar to a single car shed, with a thin expansion of the depth and thickness of the space at the boundary of the wall, and staggered with the original boundary trees, providing a shaded resting place for the playground.. At the same time, like the flexible waterproof cloth roof of the rectangular parking shed, its roof forms a continuous shading surface at the bottom, carrying the dynamic tree shadows at the top, and fallen leaves can also slide down with simple handling by workers. The rustling of light and shadow, as well as the flexible curved surface, may seem like an aesthetic issue, but in reality, it is also a practical problem.

Due to the fact that the fence of the pergola faces the park, this fence exhibits a physical permeability, and in order to prevent football from flying out, the fence needs to be made high. Therefore, its column aspect ratio and structural form distinguish it from other parts of the fence.
操场凉棚

操场凉棚与单车棚相似，同样在围墙界面的单薄拓展出空间的进深厚度，并与原有的边界树木错开，为操场提供一个遮荫的休憩场所。同时与长方形停车棚的柔性防水布屋顶一样，其屋面在底下形成连续的遮荫面，承载了上部动态的树影，而落叶也类似地只需工人简易处理便能滑下来。婆娑光影、柔性弧面，看似是美学问题，实则也是实用问题。

由于凉棚的围墙是朝向公园，因此这个围网显现一种物理的通透性，而为了防止足球飞出，围墙又需要做得高，因此其柱子长细比和结构形式，与其他围墙部分区分。

Entrance Wind and Rain Corridor

The wind and rain corridor has reconnected the teaching building and entrance, filling the gap in continuity of the original transportation space.. The columns of the corridor adopt a slanted and staggered plane layout, forming a natural combination with the folded roof and "truss" beams, which also implies the multi-directional turning of the corridor. The "truss" here is not the most reasonable form of force, and the slash angle does not reach a more inclined angle because it is parallel to the roof panel. In addition, the cancellation of corner columns in the corridor brings about local overhanging, which also helps to reduce the bending moment in the middle span. The roof adopts a double-layer aluminum plate construction method, where the top surface is a waterproof functional layer, while the ceiling is a non waterproof dense splicing aluminum veneer, emphasizing the abstract triangular folding surface, similar to the double-layer roof structure of a triangular parking shed.
入口风雨连廊

风雨连廊重新连接了教学楼与入口，填补了原有交通空间在连续性上的缺失。连廊的柱子采用斜向错位的平面布局，与折面屋顶、“桁架”梁形成一个自然的组合，也暗示了连廊多向的转折。这里的“桁架”并非受力最合理的形式，斜杠角度因与屋面板相平行而没有达到更为倾斜的角度。另外，连廊转角柱子的取消，带来局部的悬挑，也有助于减少中间跨度的弯矩。屋面采用双层铝板做法，其中顶面是防水的功能层，而吊顶是非防水的密拼铝单板，更加强调抽象的三角折面，与三角停车棚的双层屋面构造相类似。

Folding Corridor and Single Column Pavilion Courtyard

The folding corridor courtyard is a set of corridor pavilion spaces located between the main building and the outer roadside flower pool. Therefore, the folding corridor is in an orthogonal zigzag shape here, while conforming to the relationship between the internal orthogonal grid and the outer road, thus creating several remaining triangular flower pools on the outer side.. The winding corridors and walls also form a game maze for elementary school students. In addition, the campus cultural exhibition wall is the main requirement of the school here, so we have made the wall into multiple folded sections to create sufficient length and area for the exhibition wall. Therefore, the action of "folding" is both spatial and practical. The single column pavilion responds to the horizontal, vertical, and diagonal spatial relationships through "central support, four-way cantilever, and variable cross-section slope" in the structural section, and is similar to other double-layer aluminum panel roofs in the structural section, separating the functional requirements of the upper layer from the geometric requirements of the lower layer.
折廊与单柱亭院子

折廊院子是介于建筑主体与外侧路边花池之间的一组廊亭空间，因此折廊在这里以一个正交形式的锯齿形，同时顺应了内部正交网格与外边道路两者关系，借此在外侧也产生了数个剩余的三角形花池。这种萦绕的折廊和折墙也形成一种给小学生的游戏迷宫。另外，校园文化展墙是校方在此处的主要需求，于是我们把墙面做成多段折面，以创造足够的展墙长度和面积。因此，“折“的动作，既是空间的，也是实用的。

单柱亭在结构剖面上，通过“中心支撑、四向悬挑、变截面斜坡”类似地回应了横向、竖向、斜向的空间关系，而在构造剖面上也与其他双层铝板的屋面类似，让上层功能性需求与下层几何性需求相分离。

分析图

Roof Wind and Rain Corridor

The corridor directly connects the roofs of two teaching buildings in a straight line, and the structure of a single portal frame is similar to but different from the exterior corridor of a multi-functional shed: the horizontal beams here have been treated as upper and lower chord members..
屋顶风雨连廊

连廊以一字型直接地联系两个教学楼屋顶，单榀门式框架的结构与多功能棚子的外廊相类似而又不同：这里的横梁变成了上下弦杆的处理。

分析图

Double layered insulated roof

The newly added roof of the double-layer roof has three layers of aluminum veneer: the top layer is a waterproof triangular folding surface, and the lower cavity is used for convective ventilation;; The middle layer is a waterproof layer that is flat and sloping; The bottom layer is a non waterproof ceiling.
屋顶双层隔热顶棚

双层顶棚新加的屋面有三层铝单板：最顶层是防水的三角折面，底下空腔用于对流通风；中间层是平整找坡的防水层；最下层是非防水的吊顶。

Roof retractable shed

A flexible site, corresponding to a sloping retractable shed that can provide shade and waterproofing.. The retractable shed can be easily installed by utilizing the beams of the original main building and the newly added framework on the roof.
屋顶伸缩棚

一个灵活使用的场地，对应的屋顶是既能遮荫又能防水的斜向伸缩棚。伸缩棚利用原有主体建筑的梁和屋顶新增的框架，简易安装即可。

Staircase railings and rain shelters

We have renovated two staircases and their rain shelters.. The junction points between the canopy and the original staircase shear wall need to be minimized as much as possible to reduce the impact on the original structure.
楼梯栏杆与遮雨棚

我们改造了两个楼梯及其雨棚。雨棚与原有楼梯剪力墙的交接点需要尽量的少，以减少对原有结构的影响。

Library Renovation

We have carried out a comprehensive renovation of the original library and micro classrooms (also serving as reading areas), as well as added a mezzanine in the library's collection area..

In the vertical direction, due to the original structure having a net height of only 3.8 meters, the newly added sandwich structure needs to be as thin as possible. We took advantage of the load-bearing advantage of the library located on the ground floor to convert the fixed bookshelves under the mezzanine into steel plate lattice columns. Therefore, our mezzanine beams and slabs can be integrated into lattice plates that are only 50mm thick.

In the horizontal direction, we actively rotated the floor slab of the mezzanine by 45 degrees, so that only the corner of the mezzanine intersects with the column next to the window, in order to reduce the obstruction of natural lighting on the west side by the mezzanine slab. But the columns and bookshelves under the mezzanine maintain an orthogonal direction to the original building. The four corner height spaces we actively generated were correspondingly arranged with two staircases, a resting space, and a transportation space for the library and micro classroom. The actively generated corner space inside the window and the passive remaining triangular parking lot outside the window form a pair of "empty and filled" space reversals.

For the side columns and corner columns welded together by two I-beams, each column eliminates its own corner and forms an eight sided pattern of virtual and real phases, while obtaining both orthogonal and oblique directionality.
图书馆改造

我们对原有图书馆和微格教室（兼做阅览区）进行整体翻新，以及在图书馆藏书处新增一个夹层。

在竖向方向上，由于原有结构只有 3.8 米净高，新增夹层结构需要尽量地薄。我们正好利用图书馆位于首层地面的承载优势，得以把夹层下的固定书柜转换成钢板格构柱，因此我们夹层梁板可以整合成仅 50mm 厚的格构板。

在水平方向上，我们主动把夹层的楼板转了 45 度，让夹层仅角部一点与靠窗的柱子相交接，以减少夹层板对西侧自然采光的遮挡。但夹层下的柱子与书柜保持与原有建筑的正交方向。我们主动产生的四个角部通高空间，相对应地布置了两个楼梯、一个休憩空间、一个图书馆与微格教室的交通空间。窗内的主动产生的角部空间，与窗外的被动剩余的三角停车场，形成了一对“留空与填充”的空间反转。

而对于由两个工字钢焊成一体的边柱和角柱，每个柱子消除了自身的角部而形成了虚实相间的八面，同时获得正交与斜向的两种方向性。