转型中的职业教育空间谋划 / 东大院 ATA 工作室

Planning for Vocational Education Space in Transformation/East Campus ATA Studio
转型中的职业教育空间谋划 / 东大院 ATA 工作室

空间布局的巧妙与创新： 建筑师通过对场地特性的深入分析，巧妙地利用了长条形地块的优势，设计了并列的两栋长条形建筑，并通过下沉式景观庭院——“雨水花园”——将它们连接起来。这种布局不仅满足了不同功能的需求，也创造了丰富的空间层次。西侧的电梯实训车间和东侧的复合共享实训平台，分别面向校园内和城市街道，这种内外呼应的设计，使得建筑既服务于学校内部的教学需求，又对外展示了职业教育的开放性和社会责任感。整体空间布局既实用又充满活力，体现了建筑师对职业教育空间未来发展的深刻理解。

结构与设计的完美融合： 项目在结构设计上展现了高度的专业性和创新性。建筑师根据不同空间的需求，采用了混凝土框架结构和钢框架结构的组合。大跨度的无柱空间（例如电梯实训车间）采用钢结构，以实现最大的净高和通透性，而小空间则采用混凝土结构。这种巧妙的结构组合，不仅满足了建筑的实际使用需求，也赋予了建筑独特的视觉效果。钢结构桁架和混凝土型钢柱的局部运用，更是体现了结构与设计的完美融合，实现了建筑的出挑和架空造型，为建筑增添了更多的可能性。

以人为本的空间体验： 建筑师在设计中高度重视人的体验，尤其是在路径空间和疏散楼梯的设计上。通过“无法关闭的大楼”和贯穿建筑的路径，鼓励不同功能空间之间的信息交流和互动。疏散楼梯的设计也摆脱了传统规范的束缚，通过材质、光线和几何造型，营造出趣味性和活力。建筑师还创造了“冷巷”和“雨水花园”，利用环境设计来改善通风、采光和室外活动空间，从而营造出舒适宜人的环境氛围。这些细节都体现了建筑师对使用者心理和行为的深刻洞察，也使得建筑更加人性化。

With the national strategy of "developing new quality productive forces", various regions are accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system supported by advanced manufacturing. The demand for high skilled human resources in enterprises is also rapidly expanding, and there is a phenomenon of difficulty in recruiting urgently needed senior skilled worker positions. However, the proportion of senior skilled workers in China's employment is less than 27%, which is a significant gap compared to the 40% in developed Western countries. The mismatch between supply and demand has reached the point where vocational colleges are forced to adjust their majors and improve their education and teaching methods. This includes deepening school enterprise cooperation, drawing on Germany's "dual system" vocational education, establishing "enterprise colleges" and "order classes" to provide targeted vocational skills training. At the same time, "night schools" have gradually become a trendy way of life and social interaction for young people, enriching their spiritual and cultural life, expanding their professional skills, and allowing more people to access customized, differentiated, and diverse educational resources. The popularity of night schools reflects the society's demand for a comprehensive public cultural service system, and vocational and technical schools have such advantages in terms of space and resources. By providing teaching venues, excellent teachers, and course resources, they are expected to become an important entity supporting the development of night schools.
伴随着“发展新质生产力”的国家战略，各地在加快构建以先进制造业为支撑的现代化产业体系，企业对高技能人力资源的需求也在快速扩张，急需的高级技工岗位出现招工难的现象。但我国高级技工占就业人数的比例不到 27%，相较于西方发达国家的 40% 差距较大，供给侧与需求侧不匹配的形势已经到了倒逼职业院校调整专业、改进教育教学方式的时候了。这其中就包括深化校企合作，借鉴德国的“双元制”职业教育，开办“企业学院”、“订单班”，来进行定向职业技能培训。与此同时，“夜校”已逐渐成为年轻人的新潮生活与社交方式，它丰富了年轻人的精神文化生活、拓展他们的专业技能，从而让更多的人获得定制化、差异化和多样性的教育资源。 “夜校热”反映出社会对完善的公共文化服务体系的需求，而职业技术学校在空间和资源上恰恰具备这样的优势，通过提供教学场地、优秀师资和课程资源，有望成为支撑夜校发展的重要实体。

Transformation and Response

The target audience of vocational education has shifted from students who were previously "unable to enter high school" to high-level skilled workers urgently needed by society, ambitious young people seeking self-improvement, and re employed individuals actively expanding their skills.. The vocational education model has also begun to explore the "dual system" teaching model of school enterprise cooperation platforms, shifting towards a type of education that integrates industry and education. At the same time, the rise of a large number of high-tech industries such as drones, photovoltaics, lithium batteries, and new energy vehicles has also put new demands on the required skilled talents. Therefore, the curriculum system constructed with disciplines as the main line in traditional vocational school education often adopts a three-stage curriculum model of basic courses, professional basic courses, and professional courses, with corresponding learning spaces being teaching buildings and practical training workshops. The composite training venue that combines teaching and practice can serve as a beneficial supplement to the original model, in order to meet the flexible and changing needs of future use, and provide an open, communicative, and self showcasing stage for vocational and technical talents.
转变与应对

职业教育对象从以前的＂考不上高中”的学生，转变成社会急需的高级技工人才、寻求自我提升的有志青年、以及主动拓展技能的再就业者。职业教育模式也开始探索校企合作平台的“双元制”教学模式，向产教融合的类型教育方向转变。与此同时，一大批诸如无人机、光伏、锂电池、新能源汽车等高科技产业的崛起，也对所需的技能人才有了全新的要求。因此，传统职业学校教育中以学科为主线构建的课程体系多采用基础课、专业基础课、专业课的三段式课程模式，与之对应的学习空间是教学楼和实训车间。而那种将教学和实践结合在一起的复合性实训场所，则可以作为原有模式的一种有益的补充，以便满足未来灵活多变的使用需要，并为职业技术人才提供一个开放、促进交流、展示自我的舞台。

Opportunities for Space Transformation

The elevator installation and maintenance major at Liyang Vocational School has achieved significant success in recent years, reflecting the school's outstanding professional teaching and student skills in this field through honors such as gold medals in the National Vocational College Skills Competition.
. However, the existing elevator training workshop in the school has outdated space and limited scale, making it difficult to meet the current training needs. Therefore, the school plans to build a new elevator training venue with a certain scale, which can be used to hold a national elevator skills competition. The project site is located near the east gate of the existing school, adjacent to the main road inside the campus. It is a long trapezoidal land adjacent to the city road, and outside the east gate is a mature residential community. The east side of the base is only separated from the city street by a wall, the north side is the planned student cultural and sports center, the west side is the electronic and electrical building cluster, and the south side is the teaching building cluster. Therefore, from its location, the site has the conditions to serve as a window connecting the inside and outside of the campus.
空间转型的契机

溧阳中专的电梯安装与维修保养专业近年来获得了显著的成就，‌通过全国职业院校技能大赛中金牌等荣誉，‌反映出学校在该领域突出的专业教学水平和学生技能水平。但学校原有电梯实训车间空间老旧、规模有限，难以满足现有实训需求，‌因此学校计划新建一座具有一定规模的电梯实训场所，并可用来举办全国性的电梯技能大赛。项目基地位于现有学校的东门附近，紧靠校园内部主路，是毗邻城市道路的一块长条梯形用地，东门外是成熟的居住社区。基地的东侧与城市街道仅一墙之隔，北侧是规划中的学生文体中心，西侧是电子电工楼组团，南侧是教学楼组团，因此从其所处位置上来看，场地有条件作为一个联系校园内外的窗口。

From solving the "urgent needs" to addressing the "future needs"

How to take advantage of this construction opportunity to not only solve the urgent need for elevator training venues, but also reserve space for the future development of the school, design requires a spatial planning.. Eventually, two elongated buildings were arranged side by side on the site, with a belt shaped sunken landscape courtyard serving as a rain garden between the buildings. The courtyard was planted with shade loving and moisture resistant water spruce trees. The long strip building on the west side of the school's inner side is the elevator training workshop, and the long strip building on the east side facing the street is the composite shared training platform. As a closed window for the campus to the outside world, the building encourages closer connections with external enterprises and social institutions, reflecting the demand for integrating teaching into the market and serving society. The interior of the elevator training workshop is arranged in a dual channel array with 6 x 6m elevator training module units, and the channels are 4m wide. Therefore, the training workshop needs to create a large-span column free space with a span of 32 meters in the width direction and up to 90 meters in the depth direction. This training ground utilizes the passage doors at the north and south ends to form a vertical regular freight passage, and three horizontal pedestrian passages leading to pedestrian evacuation exits on both sides. At the southern end of the entire training workshop, a front hall has been set up using a cross column grid space, which can be used for exhibition display or as a waiting space for contestants during skill competitions.
从解决“当务之急”到应对“未来之需”

如何利用此次建设的契机，既解决目前急需的电梯实训场地，同时还能为学校未来发展预留出空间，设计需要来一次空间谋划。最终在场地中形成了两个长条状建筑并列的布局，建筑之间是一个带状的下凹式景观内庭院作为雨水花园，庭院内种植喜阴、耐湿的水杉树。西侧靠学校内侧的长条状建筑是电梯实训车间，东侧临街的长条状建筑是复合共享实训平台，作为封闭校园对外的窗口，建筑鼓励与校外企业以及社会机构之间建立更紧密的联系，体现出教学融入市场、教学服务社会的需求。电梯实训车间内部是以 6 x 6m 的电梯训练模块单元，进行双通道阵列排布，通道4m宽。因此实训车间需要在面宽方向营造出一个跨度 32 米的大跨无柱空间，进深方向则长达 90 米。这个训练场利用南北两端的通道门形成纵向通常的货运通道，横向 3 个人行通道通往两侧的人行疏散出口。整个实训车间的南端利用一跨柱网的空间设置了一个前厅，即可作为展览陈列之用，也可以作为技能大赛时选手候场的空间。

The elevator training workshop adopts a steel frame structure. In order to increase the indoor net height under large spans as much as possible, the design utilizes the height of the roof serrated skylight to set up truss beams. The north facing constant lighting brought by the skylight meets the natural lighting requirements of large spaces and also achieves ventilation and air exchange requirements. On the west facade of the building, skylights extend all the way to the wall and become side windows. Against the backdrop of aluminum magnesium manganese metal panels on the exterior, the entire building looks like four nested metal boxes, creating a unique visual impression. The composite shared training platform, as the name suggests, embodies two characteristics: complexity and sharing. The training spaces of different sizes and heights are integrated into one building, adopting a composite mode that integrates theoretical learning, communication and discussion, and technical training. Taking advantage of the proximity of the building to urban roads, all training rooms are open to the public, creating favorable conditions for external experts' teaching and becoming an ideal training venue for enterprise colleges, international colleges, and community colleges. The lecture hall located on the third floor of the building can hold skills training lectures and seminars, and the lounge with an aerial courtyard meets the needs of rest and communication during the conference period.
电梯实训车间采用钢框架结构，为了尽量增加大跨度下的室内净高，设计利用了屋顶锯齿形采光天窗的高度来设置桁架梁，天窗带来的北向恒定采光满足了大空间的自然光照，也实现通风换气的要求。在建筑的西立面，天窗一直延伸到墙面并成为侧窗。在外立面铝镁锰金属板的衬托下，整个建筑看起来像4个相互嵌套的金属盒子，形成了独特的视觉印象。复合共享实训平台，顾名思义体现出复合性与共享性两个特点。不同大小、层高的实训空间整合在一栋建筑里，采用将理论学习、交流探讨和技术实训融合在一起的复合化模式。利用建筑紧邻城市道路的特点，所有的实训室均可对外开放，为校外专家的教学创造有利的条件，成为企业学院、国际学院和社区学院的理想培训场所。位于建筑三层的报告厅可举办技能培训的讲座和研讨会，带有空中庭院的休息厅满足了会务期间的休息和交流需要。

分析图

This brand new training building is like a shelf where a pile of "boxes" are stacked. The "boxes" on the first and second floors are loosely stacked in pairs, and the "boxes" in the middle are deliberately twisted at an angle to fill the gaps and allow the surrounding space of the building to permeate each other. The architectural form of the third floor is an outstanding "big box", which consists of three tall spaces, two of which are used as training venues and one as an academic lecture hall. The entire exterior walls of the three story building are covered with corrugated perforated aluminum panels that gradually change from top to bottom, creating a striking urban landmark image while effectively adjusting the east-west lighting. In order to conform to the direction of urban roads, the "big box" gradually increases its prominence in the southeast, creating a shaded area around the lower entrance and exit.
这个全新的实训建筑，就像是一个码放一堆“箱子”的货架，一二层的“箱子”三三两两堆放得较为松散，而中部的“箱子”还特意扭转了一个角度，使得这个“货架”充满空隙，让建筑四周的场地空间相互渗透。第三层的建筑形体是一个出挑的“大盒子”，这一层由三个高大空间组成，其中两个作为实训场地、一个作为学术报告厅使用。整个三层的建筑外墙表面被上下渐变的瓦楞穿孔铝板所覆盖，在形成引人注目的城市标志形象的同时也有效的调节了东西向的光照。为了顺应城市道路的走向，“大盒子”在东南部的出挑逐渐增大，这些造型出挑为下部的出入口周边创造出一圈有遮蔽的场所。

Multi meaning Path Space

Unlike the traditional one-way knowledge output path from teaching to learning, this project attempts to create educational spaces that encourage students to be more independent, exploratory, and innovative. These closed or open spaces can adapt to different sizes of people such as individuals, groups, and collectives to support the exchange and transmission of information..
多义的路径空间

不同于传统的从教授到学习的单向知识输出途径，本项目试图创造出更加鼓励学生自主、探索、创新的教育空间，这些封闭或开放的场所，能适应个人、小组、集体等不同规模的人群使用，以支持信息的交互传递。

1. Buildings that cannot be closed - due to the need to face multiple parties, the building does not have clear entrances and exits, and the building cannot achieve closed management, which is different from various professional buildings already on campus. This open feature allows all training rooms to be connected to semi outdoor public areas - public platforms, public corridors, and public staircases, providing equal access to the outside world for all training rooms. At the same time, different types of functional spaces are designed to be connected by paths to encourage cross access of information. For example, there is a streamline on the third floor that can be connected to the aerial display gallery, multifunctional training hall, and lecture hall in the elevator training workshop through an aerial steel corridor, providing users with a more diverse and convenient experience.
1、无法关闭的大楼 —— 由于需要面向多主体使用，建筑没有明确的大楼出入口，大楼也无法实现封闭管理，这一点和校园里内已有的各类专业楼有所区别。这种开放性的特点让所有的实训室都与半室外公共区域——公共平台、公共外廊、公共楼梯相连通，让所有实训室获得对外的均好性。同时设计将不同类型的功能空间用路径连接以鼓励信息的交叉获取，例如三层有一条流线，可以通过空中钢连廊，连通了电梯实训车间内的空中展示廊、多功能实训厅、报告厅，为使用者提供了更加多样性、和便捷性的体验。

2. Wandering paths and catalytic spaces - 'Space is used', especially in public transportation spaces, which reflect the diversity of behavior, and a large number of occasional exchanges are triggered here. Therefore, in the middle of the building, there is a path that runs from one floor to the roof platform. Through the expansion and turning of the space along the way, it not only meets the fast transportation between the upper and lower floors, but also forms multiple nodes for people to stay. These node spaces include seats, terraces, corners, courtyards, wide corridors, terraces, etc. Although they are not clearly defined as a certain function, they all encourage communication behaviors initiated by learners themselves.
2、游走路径与触媒空间——“空间是被使用出来的”，尤其是公共交通空间，更是体现出行为的多样性，大量偶发性的交流在此被触发。因此在建筑的中部有一条贯穿一层至屋顶平台的路径，它通过沿途空间的收放与转折，既满足了上下楼层之间的快捷交通，又形成了多个可供人停留的节点，这些节点空间包括坐席、挑台、角落、天井、宽廊、退台、露台等，它们虽未被明确的定义为某种功能，却都鼓励由学习者自己发起的交流行为。

3. Neglected evacuation stairs - Although stairs are a fast transportation method for connecting upper and lower floors, with elevators becoming the main force of vertical transportation in buildings, stairs, especially evacuation stairwells, have gradually become exclusive items that only meet fire safety requirements. Various "mandatory regulations" have replaced space and flow lines, becoming the main basis for the design of left and right stairs. But in educational buildings such as schools, evacuation stairs still serve as the main transportation space for a large number of people. Therefore, in addition to meeting the most basic safety requirements, the light, color, materials, and form in this space all have an impact on the psychology and behavior of users.

The two staircases in the building are located near the north and south ends of the building. The exterior of the staircases is reinforced with wood grain fiberboard to create a vertical traffic structure. At the same time, white steel plates are used inside the staircases to create a ribbon like railing shape, and the light between the stairs and the walls is used as spatial guidance. The stairs create some fun during the process of going up and down by using angled stairwells, platform movements, and other techniques, which are in line with the psychological and behavioral characteristics of teenagers.
3、被忽视的疏散楼梯——楼梯虽是联系上下层之用的快捷交通方式，但随着电梯成为建筑物中垂直交通的主力，楼梯尤其是疏散楼梯间逐渐沦为了仅满足消防要求的专属物，各种“强制性规范条文”代替了空间和动线，成为左右楼梯设计的主要依据。但在学校这类教育建筑里，疏散楼梯仍然作为大量人群的主要交通空间，因此除了满足最基本的安全之外，这个空间里的光线、颜色、材料、形式都对使用者的心理和行为产生着影响。

建筑中的两个楼梯间分别靠近建筑的南北两端，楼梯间的外立面通过木纹纤维板强调出垂直交通体的属性，同时在楼梯间内部使用白色的钢板创造出丝带般的栏板造型，同时利用楼梯与墙面之间的光逢来作为空间引导。楼梯通过有角度的楼梯井、梯间平台的进退等手法，在上下楼过程中营造出一些有趣性，这符合青少年的心理和行为特征。

4. Cold Alley and Rainwater Garden - The green belt between the two strip-shaped buildings on the east and west is a concave green space. As the "Rainwater Garden" within the site, this courtyard plays the role of draining rainwater from the exterior corridors and walls of the buildings on both sides. The green space is planted with shade loving and moisture resistant plants such as Metasequoia. Due to the ratio of length, width, and height, the inner courtyard between two elongated buildings resembles a green alleyway. For most of the day, this green courtyard is shrouded in the shadows of the left and right buildings, making the space of this elongated courtyard similar to a cold alley in southern residential buildings. The metal exterior walls of the elevator training workshop achieve diffuse reflection of light in the cold alley and create a screen like visual effect in the courtyard. The building on the west side has a square volume, blocking the north wind in winter and effectively reducing the winter wind speed in the inner courtyard, creating an outdoor wind environment conducive to human traffic. The central opening of the building on the east side is elevated, introducing the southeast wind of summer, improving the ventilation and air exchange conditions of the entire building through the wind pressure difference, and creating a cool outdoor space in summer.
4、冷巷与雨水花园——东西两个条状建筑间的绿带是一处下凹式绿地，作为场地内的“雨水花园”，这个庭院承担着排渗两侧建筑外廊、外墙雨水的角色，绿地内种植着水杉等喜阴、耐湿的植物。由于长宽高的比例，两个长条形建筑之间的内庭院更像是一条充满绿意的巷子，一天中大部分时间这个绿庭都处于左右两栋建的阴影之中，使得这个长条形的庭院空间类似于南方民居中的冷巷。电梯实训车间的金属外墙实现了冷巷内的光线漫反射，也形成了庭院内的屏风画面感。西侧建筑体量方正，挡住了冬季的北风，有效降低内庭院中的冬季风速，营造有利于人通行的室外风环境。而东侧的建筑中部开口架空，导入了夏季的东南风，通过风压差改善了整个建筑内房间的通风换气条件，并创作出凉爽的夏季户外空间。

5. Structure serves space - from the perspective of balancing the size of the training space, large spaces without columns are usually located on the top floor of the building, while small spaces with columns are located at the bottom of the building. The structural span of the large space is used to create an overhanging and elevated shape, forming some outdoor spaces with a cover. In order to achieve this spatial effect, the first and second floors of the building adopt a concrete frame structure, and the third floor adopts a steel frame structure. Steel trusses are locally used to achieve the protruding shape of the building, and the steel columns of the third floor are inserted into the lower concrete columns to form concrete shaped steel columns. This structural system has clear logic, and each structural material fully utilizes its own advantages.
5、结构为空间服务——从兼顾实训空间大小的角度来看，无柱的大空间通常位于建筑的顶层，有柱的小空间位于建筑的下部，利用大空间的结构跨度产生出挑、架空的造型，形成一些有上盖遮蔽的室外空间。为了实现这样的空间效果，建筑的一二层采用混凝土框架结构，三层采用钢框架结构，局部运用了钢桁架来实现建筑形体的出挑，并将三层部分的钢柱插入下部的混凝土柱中形成混凝土型钢柱。这样的结构体系逻辑清晰，每一种结构材料都充分发挥了自身的优点。

Conclusion

This exploration of the design of vocational education space is not only a simple supplement to the existing campus functional areas, but also a reflection on the shift in the master-slave position between vocational education and market demand in current schools.. The new trends of "Industry 4.0", "Industrial Upgrading", and "Advanced Technician", which are in line with the national strategic development direction, have put forward new requirements for traditional vocational education. The discipline of architectural design needs to make spatial planning to make it more adaptable in the future.
结语

这次对职业教育空间的设计探索，不仅仅是简单对现有校园功能板块的弥补，更是在当下学校的职业教育与市场需求之间的主从地位发生转变后的一次反思。“工业 4.0”、“产业升级”、“高级技工”，这些符合国家战略发展方向的新动向对传统的职业教育提出了新的要求，需要建筑设计学科在空间上作出谋划，来让其在未来具备更强的适应性。